This publish initially appeared on Recode China AI.
When Tesla rolled out its much-anticipated pilot robotaxi service in Austin, Texas, final month—a fleet of 10 to twenty Mannequin Y SUVs with “robotaxi” stickers and minor modifications—the tech and automotive worlds paused in awe. However 1000’s of miles away, executives at China’s main autonomous driving corporations didn’t flinch.
“Tesla isn’t even sitting on the [robotaxi] desk but,” Lou Tiancheng, CTO of Chinese language autonomous automobile firm Pony.ai, remarked throughout an interview in Might. Final yr, Wang Yunpeng, head of the autonomous driving unit at Baidu, China’s search engine and AI large, claimed Tesla was at the very least three to 5 years behind.
The measure of robotaxi success isn’t flashy demos or tech-day reveals—it’s large-scale, business, absolutely autonomous public service. By that commonplace, Tesla stays far behind. Globally, solely Alphabet’s Waymo and a handful of Chinese language corporations have overcome this barrier.
Evaluating robotaxi operations: Waymo leads within the United States; Baidu dominates in China.Recode China AI
Whereas Waymo pioneered the robotaxi, practically each different firm offering common public highway service is Chinese language. It mirrors the worldwide electrical automobile market the place, except for Tesla, Chinese language carmakers like BYD dominate the highest ranks.
China’s Robotaxi Trio: Baidu, Pony.ai, WeRide
On the heart of this push is Baidu, usually thought-about the West Level of China’s autonomous automobile (AV) business. Its alumni populate nearly the whole autonomous driving provide chain in China, from chips to software program improvement to robotaxis.
When Baidu started self-driving analysis in 2013, it envisioned changing into the Android of AV—a software program ecosystem supplier to automakers worldwide. However China’s fiercely aggressive automotive panorama quashed this ambition. High Chinese language electrical automakers, corresponding to Li Auto and XPeng, opted to develop their very own superior driver-assistance techniques (ADAS), whereas lower-tier corporations turned to telecom large Huawei or drone maker DJI. Baidu’s personal electrical automobile enterprise, Jidu, folded final yr.
But regardless of these setbacks, Baidu’s robotaxi service, Apollo Go (recognized affectionately in China as “Luobo Kuaipao” or Carrot Runs Quick), is flourishing. In 2022, it turned China’s first absolutely driverless business robotaxi operator—a milestone for the business. As we speak, Apollo Go operates a fleet of 1,000 robotaxis throughout 15 cities, from Beijing to Shenzhen, offering 1.4 million rides within the first quarter of 2025 alone.
Baidu’s largest operations hub is Wuhan, a megacity in central China with greater than 13 million folks, strategically chosen for its supportive regulatory surroundings and its standing as China’s automotive heartland. Baidu’s sixth-generation robotaxi is a glossy automobile with coated steering wheels and rear sliding doorways. Nonetheless, 1,000 vehicles are modest in comparison with China’s huge conventional taxi market and massive ride-hailing fleets.
Scorching on Baidu’s heels are Pony.ai and WeRide, which had been based by former Baidu executives in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Each started in Silicon Valley and moved again to Guangzhou. Each went public on NASDAQ practically concurrently in 2024.
With backing from Toyota, Pony.ai is aiming to supply 1,000 of its robotaxis this yr.Pony.ai
Pony.ai, backed by Toyota and co-founded by ex-Baidu government James Peng and coding prodigy Tiancheng Lou, operates 270 robotaxis. By yr finish, they goal to scale manufacturing to 1,000 of their seventh-generation robotaxis, co-developed with Toyota and two native Chinese language automakers. Pony.ai has not disclosed its robotaxi order numbers however claims a powerful 1-to-20 ratio of distant security operators to automobiles and says its operational footprint is roughly 20 occasions the dimensions of Waymo’s service space in San Francisco.
Since its NASDAQ debut, Pony.ai has attracted vital consideration, together with a partnership with Uber and rumored discussions involving Uber’s controversial founder, Travis Kalanick, who was supposedly enthusiastic about buying the corporate’s U.S. operations.
WeRide, one other firm based by Baidu’s veterans, overcame early turmoil when its co-founder, former Baidu government Wang Jing, stepped down amid a lawsuit alleging trade-secret misappropriation. CTO Tony Han stepped in, steering WeRide to success with a 500-robotaxi fleet and diversified choices together with robo-buses and autonomous avenue sweepers. WeRide additionally collaborates with Bosch, the German expertise large and WeRide’s main investor, on ADAS improvement, although main business shoppers stay elusive.
WeRide launched the Center East’s first robotaxi service in Abu Dhabi this yr. WeRide
Now these corporations are turning outward, eyeing abroad enlargement in Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Center East—racing to assert international robotaxi territory forward of American rivals. Early this yr, Baidu expanded into Dubai and Abu Dhabi after securing highway‑check permits and reportedly plans to enter Singapore, Malaysia, and Switzerland. Pony.ai signed an settlement with Dubai’s transit authority, aiming for absolutely driverless operations by 2026 and maintains check operations in South Korea and Luxembourg. WeRide partnered with Uber for pilot operations in Abu Dhabi, changing into the Center East’s first absolutely driverless robotaxi service and plans enlargement into 15 extra cities globally over the subsequent 5 years.
Value Benefits and Complicated Roads
Technologically, Chinese language robotaxi corporations have largely used Waymo’s playbook in {hardware}—combining lidar, radar, cameras, precision GPS, and high-definition maps. Their benefit is price. Because of China’s manufacturing prowess, these corporations may rapidly scale fleets when prepared. For instance, Baidu introduced robotaxi manufacturing prices down to simply US $28,000 per automobile—a fraction of Waymo’s hundreds-of-thousands-per-vehicle expense, on par with Tesla’s forthcoming CyberCab. Pony.ai, in the meantime, boasted a 68 % drop in lidar prices and an 80 % discount in computing prices with the launch of its seventh-generation robotaxi.
Tesla launched its robotaxi service in Austin, Texas, with a handful of automobiles in restricted areas of the town. Tim Goessman/Bloomberg/Getty Photographs
Their software program is a mixture of AI fashions and rule-based code, designed to interpret site visitors patterns, predict behaviors, and execute driving choices. All three Chinese language robotaxi corporations now boast “end-to-end” techniques—a time period popularized by Tesla that refers to AI fashions able to processing uncooked sensor information and immediately outputting driving actions.
Not like Waymo’s early suburban testing in Phoenix, Chinese language robotaxis are educated within the dense, chaotic streets of Beijing and Guangzhou, the place roads are sometimes full of motorbikes, bicycles, and avenue distributors. The power to function in such circumstances may arguably make their techniques extra adaptable.
Regulatory Hurdles and Chip Reliance
But challenges persist, principally regulatory hurdles. Neither China nor america has enacted nationwide legal guidelines governing robotaxis, leaving the regulation to states and cities. Because of this, the business operates underneath a fragmented patchwork of local-level insurance policies, with every jurisdiction setting its personal guidelines and necessities.
Not like some U.S. states, that are faster with permits however stringent on ongoing security monitoring, Chinese language cities initially demand rigorous testing earlier than granting permits.
Nearly all Chinese language cities that enable robotaxis solely allow their operation inside geofenced zones, usually in suburban districts away from dense downtown areas. In distinction, Waymo’s service is allowed to cowl giant elements of San Francisco, together with downtown.
Curiously, Chinese language AV corporations have leveraged Waymo’s progress to spur authorities help at house. When Waymo’s journey quantity surged final yr, Chinese language corporations intensified their lobbying efforts, urging regulators for extra expansive working permissions.
Waymo operates greater than 1,500 robotaxis within the metropolitan areas of 4 U.S. cities.Craig F. Walker/The Boston Globe/Getty Photographs
Social points additionally loom giant. Apollo Go’s enlargement in Wuhan final yr sparked protests from native taxi drivers who feared for his or her livelihoods. In response, the Wuhan Transportation Bureau clarified that Apollo Go operates solely 400 robotaxis within the metropolis. Baidu CEO Robin Li acknowledged the issues, emphasizing that scaling robotaxi operations will probably be a gradual course of which will take a few years.
Profitability is one other problem for all robotaxi corporations. Regardless of rising journey volumes and enhancing {hardware} economics, not one of the gamers have but reached break-even. Most providers stay closely sponsored, particularly throughout pilot phases. Pony.ai has set the aim of turning worthwhile by 2029.
One other strategic dependency is chips. Most Chinese language robotaxi fleets are at present powered by Nvidia chips, notably the broadly used Orin system-on-chip. These chips deal with the majority of sensor fusion, notion, and path-planning workloads. The reliance on a U.S. provider poses geopolitical and provide chain dangers. Latest export restrictions and rising tensions between america and China have prompted some Chinese language corporations to discover home options, however to this point, no native chipmaker has matched Nvidia’s AV computing capabilities.
Tesla’s Uphill Climb
The place does this depart Tesla? Elon Musk’s vision-only method to robotaxis is spectacular, however the leap to true Stage 4 or 5 autonomy—automobiles that drive fully on their very own in any circumstances—stays dauntingly excessive. Tesla’s modest Austin pilot reveals that the corporate will want the identical cautious geographic enlargement and security monitoring that Waymo and Baidu employed years earlier. Whereas Tesla’s manufacturing scale may finally dwarf Waymo and Chinese language gamers, the final word winners will in the end be decided by security, operational excellence, passenger belief, and regulatory navigation.
Tesla should brace for fierce international competitors from Chinese language robotaxi corporations already establishing footholds worldwide. Simply as Tesla as soon as discovered itself surrounded by Chinese language electrical automobile rivals, robotaxis might be subsequent.
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